Resumo O protocolo de imersão floral mediado por Agrobacterium é o método de transformação mais amplamente utilizado para uma planta-modelo Arabidopsis thaliana. Existem vários métodos úteis para transformações de Arabidopsis mediados por Agrobacterium tumefaciens, mas são demorados e com baixa eficiência de transformação. Aqui, desenvolvemos uma linha transgênica de Arabidopsis TET12p::TET12-RFP em um curto período de tempo e eficiência de transformação aprimorada usando um método de transformação modificado por meio da aplicação de estresse hídrico após o mergulho floral. Neste protocolo, células de Agrobacterium transportando vetores recombinantes TET12p::TET12-RFP foram ressuspensas em uma solução de 5% de sacarose, 0,05% (v/v) silwet L-77 para transformar gametas femininos de inflorescências de Arabidopsis em desenvolvimento. Arabidopsis tratadas foram então aplicadas com diferentes níveis de estresse hídrico para estimular as plantas a utilizar o máximo de energia da planta no processo de maturação das sementes. Os estresses aplicados alcançaram a rápida maturação das inflorescências já tratadas enquanto paravam o crescimento de inflorescências não tratadas recém-surgidas, diminuindo, assim, as chances de coleta errada de sementes não transformadas. Consequentemente, as sementes coletadas eram principalmente transgênicas, com uma frequência de transformação de pelo menos 10%; portanto, a triagem para seleção dos transformantes positivos foi mais vantajosa em um meio seletivo em comparação com um método clássico de imersão floral. Dentro de 2-3 meses, 200 plantas transgênicas individuais foram produzidas a partir de apenas 10 plantas infiltradas. Este estudo conclui que a aplicação de estresse hídrico em um estágio específico da planta é uma estratégia benéfica para alcançar a Arabidopsis transgênica em um curto período de tempo com alta eficiência de transformação.

Abstract The Agrobacterium-mediated floral dip protocol is the most extensively used transformation method for a model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. Several useful methods for Agrobacterium tumefaciens–mediated transformations of Arabidopsis are existing, but they are time consuming and with low transformation efficiency. Here, we developed a transgenic Arabidopsis lines TET12p::TET12-RFP in a short period of time and enhanced transformation efficiency by using a modified transformation method by applying drought stress after floral dip. In this protocol, Agrobacterium cells carrying TET12p::TET12-RFP recombinant vectors were resuspended in a solution of 5% sucrose, 0.05% (v/v) silwet L-77 to transform female gametes of developing Arabidopsis inflorescences. Treated Arabidopsis were then applied with different levels of drought stresses to stimulate plants for the utilization of maximum plant energy in seed maturation process. The applied stresses achieved the fast maturation of already treated inflorescences while stopped the growing of newly arising untreated inflorescence, thus decreased the chances of wrong collection of untransformed seeds. Consequently, the collected seeds were mostly transgenic with a transformation frequency of at least 10%, thus the screening for positive transformants selection was more advantageous on a selective medium as compared to a classical floral dip method. Within 2-3 months, two hundred of individual transgenic plants were produced from just 10 infiltrated plants. This study concludes that application of drought stresses in a specific stage of plant is a beneficial strategy for achieving the transgenic Arabidopsis in a short period of time with high transformation efficiency.

Resumo A contaminação ambiental com metais pesados é uma ameaça aos organismos devido à sua toxicidade, persistência e bioacumulação nas cadeias alimentares. O estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito do Cd sobre o nível de Ca em ossos de peixes de água doce Channa gachua. Quarenta e dois indivíduos de peixes foram mantidos em seis aquários; marcado aq. 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 e 5 no laboratório para tratamento. Aq. 0 foi o grupo controle e aq. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 foram experimentais com solução de tratamento de Cd 0, 0,1 ppm, 0,5 ppm, 1 ppm, 2,5 ppm e 5 ppm respectivamente por três meses. Após a exposição, o tecido ósseo foi examinado quanto ao acúmulo de Cd e concentração de Ca. O maior acúmulo de Cd foi registrado em aq. 5 com média de 46,86 ± 0,46 mgkg-1 e o menor no grupo controle com média de 0,61 ± 0,06 mgkg-1. A ordem de bioacumulação de Cd nos ossos foi aq. 5 > aq. 4 > aq. 3 > aq. 2 > aq. 1 > aq. 0. A concentração mais alta de Ca foi observada em aq. 0 (grupo controle) média de 7.888,06 ± 4.827,22 mgkg-1 e a mais baixa foi de 1.132,36 ± 203,73 mgkg-1 em aq. 5 (a 5,0 ppm). Geralmente um padrão de diminuição do nível de Ca foi observado com cada aumento da bioacumulação de Cd aq. 0 > aq. 1 > aq. 2 > aq. 3 > aq. 4 > aq. 5. O estudo atual indicou que o acúmulo de Cd tem efeito substancial no nível de Ca nos ossos e, portanto, no sistema esquelético. Regras estritas devem ser implementadas pelo governo para controlar a poluição por metais e a exploração da biota.

Abstract Environmental contamination with heavy metals is a threat to the organisms due to their toxicity, persistence and bioaccumulation in food chains. The study was aimed to assess cadmium (Cd) effect on calcium (Ca) level in bones of a freshwater fish Channa gachua. 42 fish individuals were kept into six (6) aquaria; labelled aq.0, 1, 2, 3,4 and 5 in the laboratory for treatment. Aq.0 was control group and aq.1, 2,3,4,5 were experimental with treatment solution of Cd 0, 0.1ppm, 0.5ppm, 1ppm, 2.5ppm and 5ppm respectively for three months. After exposure, bones tissue were examined for Cd accumulation and Ca concentration. Highest accumulation of Cd were recorded in aq.5 mean 46.86 ± 0.46 mgkg-1 .and lowest in the control group with mean 0.61 ± 0.06 mgkg-1. The order of Cd bioaccumulation in bones were aq.5 > aq.4 >aq.3 > aq.2 > aq.1 > aq.0. Highest concentration of Ca were noted in aq.0 (Control group) mean 7888.06 ± 4827.22 mgkg-1 and lowest were 1132.36 ± 203.73 mgkg-1 in aq.5 (at 5.0 ppm). Generally a pattern of decreasing Ca level were observed with each rise of Cd bioaccumulation aq.0 > aq.1 > aq.2 > aq.3 > aq.4 > aq.5. Current study indicated that Cd accumulation have substantial effect on Ca level in bones and hence on skeleton system. Strict rules must be implemented by government to control metals pollution and exploitations of biota.

Abstract In this article, we investigate the Kenmotsu manifold when applied to a Dα-homothetic deformation. Then, given a submanifold in a Dα-homothetically deformed Kenmotsu manifold, we derive the generalized Wintgen inequality. Additionally, we find this inequality for submanifolds such as slant, invariant, and anti-invariant in the same ambient space.

Resumen En este artículo estudiamos la variedad de Kenmotsu cuando se aplica a una deformación Dα-homotética. Luego, dada una subvariedad en una variedad de Kenmotsu Dα-homotéticamente deformada, derivamos la desigualdad de Wintgen generalizada. Adicionalmente, encontramos esta desigualdad para subvariedades tales como oblicuas, invariantes y anti-invariantes en el mismo espacio ambiente.

Resumo O mel é uma matriz adequada para a avaliação de contaminantes ambientais, incluindo inseticidas organoclorados. O presente estudo foi conduzido para avaliar resíduos de 15 inseticidas organoclorados em amostras de mel de origem unifloral e multifloral de Dir, Paquistão. Amostras de mel (5 g cada) foram extraídas com solventes orgânicos de grau GC e, em seguida, submetidas ao evaporador rotativo até a secura. Os extratos foram então misturados com n-hexano (5 ml) e purificados por cromatografia em coluna. Os extratos purificados (1μl cada) foram processados através de cromatógrafo gasoso acoplado a detector de captura de elétrons (GC-ECD) para identificação e quantificação dos inseticidas. Dos 15 inseticidas testados, 46,7% foram detectados enquanto 53,3% não foram detectados nas amostras de mel. O heptacloro foi o inseticida mais prevalente com um nível médio de 0,0018 mg / kg detectado em 80% das amostras, seguido por β-HCH com um nível médio de 0,0016 mg / kg detectado em 71,4% das amostras de mel. Amostras de mel da parede de Acacia modesta foram 100% positivos para heptacloro com um nível médio de 0,0048 mg / kg seguido por β-HCH com um nível médio de 0,003 mg / kg e frequência de 83,3%. Níveis mínimos dos inseticidas testados foram detectados no mel unifloral de Ziziphus jujuba da usina. Metoxicloro, Endosulfan, Endrin e metabólitos do DDT não foram detectados nas amostras de mel estudadas. Alguns dos inseticidas testados são proibidos no Paquistão, mas ainda são detectados em amostras de mel, indicando seu uso na área de estudo. Os níveis detectados de todos os inseticidas estavam abaixo dos Níveis Máximos de Resíduos (MRLs) e seguros para os consumidores. No entanto, os níveis detectados podem causar mortalidade na fauna de insetos. O uso de inseticidas proibidos é um dos principais fatores responsáveis pelo declínio das populações de importantes insetos polinizadores, incluindo as abelhas.

Abstract Honey is a suitable matrix for the evaluation of environmental contaminants including organochlorine insecticides. The present study was conducted to evaluate residues of fifteen organochlorine insecticides in honey samples of unifloral and multifloral origins from Dir, Pakistan. Honey samples (5 g each) were extracted with GC grade organic solvents and then subjected to Rotary Evaporator till dryness. The extracts were then mixed with n-Hexane (5 ml) and purified through Column Chromatography. Purified extracts (1μl each) were processed through Gas Chromatograph coupled with Electron Capture Detector (GC-ECD) for identification and quantification of the insecticides. Of the 15 insecticides tested, 46.7% were detected while 53.3% were not detected in the honey samples. Heptachlor was the most prevalent insecticide with a mean level of 0.0018 mg/kg detected in 80% of the samples followed by β-HCH with a mean level of 0.0016 mg/kg detected in 71.4% of the honey samples. Honey samples from Acacia modesta Wall. were 100% positive for Heptachlor with a mean level of 0.0048 mg/kg followed by β-HCH with a mean level of 0.003 mg/kg and frequency of 83.3%. Minimum levels of the tested insecticides were detected in the unifloral honey from Ziziphus jujuba Mill. Methoxychlor, Endosulfan, Endrin and metabolites of DDT were not detected in the studied honey samples. Some of the tested insecticides are banned in Pakistan but are still detected in honey samples indicating their use in the study area. The detected levels of all insecticides were below the Maximum Residue Levels (MRLs) and safe for consumers. However, the levels detected can cause mortality in insect fauna. The use of banned insecticides is one of the main factors responsible for the declining populations of important insect pollinators including honeybees.

Abstract The poultry industry generates a lot of waste, including dead birds, manure, and poultry litter. Poultry waste should never be disposed of improperly because it can seriously harm the environment. The waste can be recycled as a feedstock for use in poultry feed by composting the litter and deceased birds. The compositional profile and organoleptic properties of the meat of growing Japanese quail were examined over the course of a 4-week trial to ascertain the effect of adding compost to the diet. In a completely randomized design (CRD), 1200 newly hatched quail chicks (Coturnix coturnix japonica) were divided into five treatment groups (diets with 0, 2.5, 5, 7.5, and 10% compost), each consisting of 40 birds with six replicates. The addition of compost to the diet had no noticeable effects on the organoleptic qualities of appearance, color, aroma, taste, texture, juiciness, tenderness, and acceptability (P>0.05). The compositional profile characteristics for chicks given compost at any level compared to chicks fed the control diet showed no differences (P>0.05). These findings suggest that the sensory characteristics and compositional profile of growing meat quails can be maintained when fed diets including up to 10% compost.

Resumo A indústria avícola gera muitos resíduos, incluindo aves mortas, esterco e cama de frango. Resíduos de aves nunca devem ser descartados de forma inadequada, pois podem prejudicar seriamente o meio ambiente. Os resíduos podem ser reciclados como matéria-prima para uso na alimentação de aves, compostando a cama e as aves mortas. O perfil de composição e as propriedades organolépticas da carne de codornas japonesas em crescimento foram examinados ao longo de um ensaio de 4 semanas para verificar o efeito da adição de composto à dieta. Em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado (CRD), 1.200 pintos de codorna recém-eclodidos (Coturnix coturnix japonica) foram divididos em cinco grupos de tratamento (dietas com 0, 2,5, 5, 7,5 e 10% de composto), cada um composto por 40 aves com seis repetições. A adição de composto à dieta não teve efeitos perceptíveis nas qualidades organolépticas de aparência, cor, aroma, sabor, textura, suculência, maciez e aceitabilidade (P > 0,05). As características do perfil de composição para pintos que receberam composto em qualquer nível comparadas aos pintos alimentados com a dieta controle não mostraram diferenças (P > 0,05). Essas descobertas sugerem que as características sensoriais e o perfil de composição de codornas de corte em crescimento podem ser mantidos quando alimentadas com dietas incluindo até 10% de composto.

Resumo A safra de algodão, desempenha um papel significativo na economia do Paquistão, ao ocupar um lugar de destaque no óleo comestível e na indústria têxtil local. A inacessibilidade e a deficiência de fósforo (P) da matéria orgânica do solo são as principais restrições para a baixa produtividade das culturas em algodão. Portanto, um estudo de campo de dois anos foi desenvolvido durante 2014-15, para explorar a influência de bactérias solubilizantes de fosfato (PSB), esterco de capoeira (FYM), esterco de aves (PM) e fontes inanimadas de P sobre vários fatores fisiológicos, crescimento, rendimento e parâmetros de qualidade da cultura do algodão no CCRI Multan. Respostas de campo de sementes inoculadas com duas cepas distintas de bactérias solubilizantes de fosfato (PSB) viz. S0 = controle, S1 = cepa-1, S2 = cepa-2 e oito fontes orgânicas de P inorgânicas viz., P0 = controle, P1 = 80 kg ha-1 P de fonte inorgânica, P2 = 80 kg ha-1 P de FYM, P3 = 80 kg ha-1 P de PM, P4 = 40 kg ha-1 P de FYM + 40 kg ha-1 P de fonte inorgânica, P5 = 40 kg ha-1 P de PM + 40 kg ha-1 P de fonte inorgânica, P6 = 80 kg ha-1 P de FYM + 40 kg ha-1 P de fonte inorgânica, P7 = 80 kg ha-1 P de PM + 40 kg ha-1 P de fonte inorgânica e P8 = 40 Foram avaliados kg ha-1 P da FYM + 40 kg ha-1 P da PM. Os resultados revelaram que a inoculação de sementes com PSB e o uso coletivo de fontes inorgânicas e orgânicas de P aumentaram consideravelmente os atributos que contribuem para a produtividade no algodão. No entanto, o tratamento P7 (80 kg P ha-1 da PM + 40 kg P ha-1 da fonte inorgânica) em coincidência com sementes inoculadas com PSB (S1) produziu planta mais alta, peso máximo de cápsula, IAF e CGR significativamente maiores. Produtividade significativamente maior do algodão, rendimento de fiapos, comprimento da fibra e BCR máximo de 1,95 e 1,81 também foi obtida a partir do tratamento P7 durante as duas épocas de cultivo. Em conclusão, o uso combinado de 80 kg P ha-1 de PM + 40 kg P ha-1 de fonte inorgânica e sementes de algodão inoculadas com a cepa-1 melhoraram a captação de fósforo, resultando em maior consumo de foto assimilados para obter crescimento e produtividade máximos.

Abstract Cotton crop, plays a significant role in Pakistan’s economy by ruling a prominent place in edible oil and local textile industry. Phosphorus (P) inaccessibility and deficiency of soil organic matter are the key restraints for low crop productivity in cotton. Therefore, a two years field study was designed during 2014-15, to explore the influence of phosphate solubilizing bacteria (PSB), farmyard manure (FYM), poultry manure (PM) and inanimate sources of P on various physiological, growth, yield and quality parameters of cotton crop at CCRI Multan. Field responses of seeds inoculated with two distinctive phosphate solubilizing bacteria (PSB) strains viz. S0 = control, S1 =strain-1, S2 = strain-2 and eight organic, inorganic P sources viz., P0= control, P1 = 80 kg ha-1 P from inorganic source, P2 = 80 kg ha-1 P from FYM, P3 = 80 kg ha-1 P from PM, P4 = 40 kg ha-1 P from FYM + 40 kg ha-1 P from inorganic source, P5 = 40 kg ha-1 P from PM + 40 kg ha-1 P from inorganic source, P6 = 80 kg ha-1 P from FYM + 40 kg ha-1 P from inorganic source, P7 = 80 kg ha-1 P from PM + 40 kg ha-1 P from inorganic source and P8 = 40 kg ha-1 P from FYM + 40 kg ha-1 P from PM were evaluated. Results revealed that inoculation of seeds with PSB and collective use of inorganic and organic sources of P had considerably increased the yield contributing attributes in cotton. However, the treatment P7 (80 kg P ha-1 from PM + 40 kg P ha-1 from inorganic source) in coincidence with seeds inoculated with PSB (S1) produced taller plant, maximum boll weight, significantly higher LAI and CGR. Significantly higher seed cotton yield, lint yield, fiber length and maximum BCR of 1.95 and 1.81 was also obtained from the P7 treatment during both crop-growing seasons. In conclusion, combined use of 80 kg P ha-1 from PM + 40 kg P ha-1 from inorganic source and cotton seeds inoculated with strain-1 improved phosphorus uptake ensuing in greater consumption of photo-assimilates for maximum growth and yield.

We have prepared, by a sol-immobilization method, bimetallic catalysts with different Au:Pt atomic ratios supported on commercial SrCO3. The catalytic performance for the oxidation reaction of benzyl alcohol of such materials was compared to the monometallic counterparts, aiming at the obtaining of the best composition of the material. It was found that the Au:Pt atomic ratio presents a remarkable effect on the system performance, i.e., Pt-rich systems are more selective; however, less active. Thus, an equilibrium related to the activity and selectivity of the system was obtained by considering the yield of the system. Also, some density functional theory (DFT) insights were obtained by using a cluster of 14 atoms of Au and 1 or 2 atoms of Pt. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, elemental mapping in scanning transmission electron microscopy before and after catalyst usage, flame atomic absorption spectroscopy, Rietveld refinement, among other techniques, were used and associated to the experimental data, which allowed us to propose a catalytic mechanism for the system, which was important since SrCO3 has not been considered before as catalyst support for alcohol oxidation reactions.

The goal of this study was to compare the effects of Bacillus subtilis and the antibiotic enrofloxacin on growth performance, immune response, intestinal histomorphometry and cecal Salmonella numbers in broilers challenged with S. gallinarum. Salmonella-free chicks (n = 240) were allocated to four groups, comprising six replicates (n = 10) each. Group NN was not infected and received no treatment. Group SN was infected with Salmonella and received no treatment. Group SE was infected with Salmonella and treated with the antibiotic enrofloxacin. Group SP was infected with Salmonella and treated orally with the probiotic B. subtilis. Initially the groups that were infected with Salmonella had reduced growth performance compared with NN. By the fourth week, SE and SP had recovered and weighed as much as or more than NN. The SP group had greater cellular immunity and relative weights of the bursa and thymus than the other groups. SN had the lowest villus height in all the segments of the small intestine and a larger Salmonella population in the ceca. Probiotic supplementation reduced the pathological outcomes more than enrofloxacin. Prophylactic use of B. subtilis-type probiotics had similar effects to the use of antibiotics, alleviated the stress related to infection of S. gallinarum, and improved the growth performance, immune function, and gut mucosal development in broilers.

In the present study, vicine was extracted from sunflower seeds, and has been evaluated as a corrosion inhibitor for carbon steel alloy, at different concentrations and temperatures. Vicine showed maximum inhibiting efficiency of 97%, at 25 ºC. The inhibitor's efficiency was reduced when the temperature increased. Kinetic parameters (Ea, ?H*, ?G* and ?S*) were calculated. The corrosion reaction was suppressed by vicine, because the energy barrier of the corrosion reaction was increased, and it became non-spontaneous, by an endothermic process. Furthermore, ?Hads, ?Gads and ?Sads were also calculated, and showed that the inhibitor was physically adsorbed by a spontaneous and exothermic process. The corrosion was inhibited by simple blocking the reaction sites. The adsorption process obeyed the Langmuir adsorption isotherm. The theoretical and experimental studies depicted that the inhibitor worked by a mixture of physical-chemical adsorption modes.

This paper deals with the theory and kinetics of oxalic acid electrochemical oxidation, in an acidic solution containing sodium chloride, using a manganese dioxide rotating cylinder anode. Voltammetric and galvanostatic electrolysis techniques were used. The voltametric study shows a higher anodic wave corresponding to chlorine oxidation on the MnO2 electrode, prevailing oxalic acid indirect oxidation. Galvanostatic electrolysis studies confirmed that the rate constant is affected by chloride concentration, current density, agitation and temperature. Electrochemical oxidation rate was found to be a pseudo-first order kinetic process. A strongly linear relationship between the rate constant and chloride concentration was observed, while polynomial relations, with respect to current density and temperature, were found. The activation energy was found to be 14.541 kJ/mol, which suggests a diffusion control kinetic step in oxalic acid degradation. The findings of the present research validate that oxalic acid incineration can be successfully carried out on a MnO2 anode, in NaCl presence.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Dusting, use of high frequency and low pulse energy-is commonly performed during ureteroscopic holmium laser lithotripsy but reports on the ability of this method to treat large stones via percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) are limited. We report on the first clinical feasibility of a dusting technique during PCNL using a specially designed laser suction handpiece (LSHP). Materials and Methods: We performed PCNL on a patient with spinal cord injury, and recurrent urinary tract infection. Computed tomography demonstrated a left complete staghorn stone, 1000 Hounsfield units. Standard (30F) prone PCNL was performed via lower pole access and balloon dilatation. A 120-Watt holmium (P120H, Lumenis) was used to perform Dusting Utilizing a Suction Technique (D.U.S.T.) for PCNL with a 550um fiber in the LSHP which was connected to a suction pump in the P120H. The LSHP has a stainless steel cannula with inner lumen diameter of 3.25mm, with fiber positioned in a separate working channel on top of the cannula. Suction is activated via the LSHP, and fragments are sucked into a collection container. We used it in “automatic” mode where suction occurred only during laser activation. Results: We successfully performed DUST-PCNL to treat the staghorn stone using settings of 0.6Jx70Hz, and 1.0Jx60Hz, (long pulse width). Total operative time was 110 minutes; laser time 21.29 minutes, laser energy 47.68kJ. We did not encounter any difficulty with fragment aspiration or clogging of the cannula or suction tubing. Ancillary devices used included a basket to retrieve large fragments, and flexible nephroscopy to dust an upper pole branch of the staghorn stone. A nephrostogram on post-operative day POD 1 demonstrated a 4mm residual fragment. Patient was discharged on POD 2. There were no complications; stone analysis demonstrated a struvite stone. Conclusions: We confirmed initial clinical feasibility and safety of DUST-PCNL to perform simultaneous lithotripsy and aspiration for effective stone clearance. An advantage of this method is versatility in treating a stone with both rigid and flexible endoscopy using a single energy source. Further evaluation is needed to better understand the efficacy of this technique.

Benzamide derivatives were screened for their anti-alzheimer, anti-fatigue, anti-urease and anti-oxidant activity and their results were calculated in the form of %age inhibition and IC50 value. Compounds 3a and 3g exhibited the highest anti alzheimer activity. Group of mice's treated by compounds 3f and 3g showed significantly longer swimming times than those of the treated with caffeine. The prominent urease inhibitory activity was shown by only one compound among seven benzamide derivatives. Controlled experiments suggest that benzamide derivatives (3a-3g) can be serve as the therapeutic agents

In this work, the multi-step homotopy analysis method (MHAM) is applied to obtain the explicit analytical solutions for system of the Jaulent Miodek equations. The proposed scheme is only a simple modification of the homotopy analysis method (HAM), in which it is treated as an algorithm in a sequence of small intervals (i.e. time step) for finding accurate approximate solutions to the corresponding problems. Thus, it is valid for both weakly and strongly nonlinear problems. this work verifies the validity and the potential of the MHAM for the study of nonlinear systems. A comparative study between the new algorithm and the exact solution is presented graphically. convenient.

Objective To examine hypertension management across countries and over time using consistent and comparable methods. Methods A systematic search identified nationally representative health examination surveys from 20 countries containing data from 1980 to 2011 on blood pressure measurements, the diagnosis and treatment of hypertension and its control with antihypertensive drugs. For each country, the prevalence of hypertension (i.e. systolic blood pressure ≥ 140 mmHg or antihypertensive use) and the proportion of hypertensive individuals whose condition was diagnosed, treated or controlled with medications (i.e. systolic pressure < 140 mmHg) were estimated. Findings The age-standardized prevalence of hypertension varied between countries: for individuals aged 35 to 49 years, it ranged from around 12% in Bangladesh, Egypt and Thailand to around 30% in Armenia, Lesotho and Ukraine; for those aged 35 to 84 years, it ranged from 20% in Bangladesh to more than 40% in Germany, the Russian Federation and Turkey. The age-standardized percentage of hypertensive individuals whose condition was diagnosed, treated or controlled was highest in the United States of America: for those aged 35 to 49 years, it was 84%, 77% and 56%, respectively. Percentages were especially low in Albania, Armenia, the Islamic Republic of Iran and Turkey. Although recent trends in prevalence differed in England, Japan and the United States, treatment coverage and hypertension control improved over time, particularly in England. Conclusion Globally the proportion of hypertensive individuals whose condition is treated or controlled with medication remains low. Greater efforts are needed to improve hypertension control, which would reduce the burden of noncommunicable diseases.

Resumen Objetivo Examinar la gestión de la hipertensión entre países y a lo largo del tiempo con métodos consistentes y comparables. Métodos Se realizó una búsqueda sistemática a fin de identificar encuestas de salud por examen representativas a nivel nacional de 20 países con datos recogidos de 1980 a 2011 sobre las mediciones de la presión arterial, el diagnóstico y el tratamiento de la hipertensión, así como su control con fármacos antihipertensivos. Se estimó la prevalencia de la hipertensión arterial en cada país (es decir, la presión arterial sistólica ≥ 140 mmHg o el uso de antihipertensivos) y la proporción de hipertensos que fueron diagnosticados, tratados o controlados con medicamentos para su condición (es decir, presión sistólica < 140 mmHg). Resultados La prevalencia estandarizada por edad de la hipertensión varió entre países: en las personas de entre 35 y 49 años osciló entre el 12 % en Bangladesh, Egipto y Tailandia, y cerca del 30 % en Armenia, Lesotho y Ucrania. En las personas entre 35 y 84 años varió entre el 20 % en Bangladesh, y más del 40 % en Alemania, la Federación Rusa y Turquía. El porcentaje estandarizado por edad de las personas hipertensas que recibieron un diagnóstico, tratamiento o control con medicamentos para su condición fue mayor en los Estados Unidos de América. En concreto, fue del 84 %, 77 % y 56 %, respectivamente, en las personas entre 35 y 49 años. Los porcentajes fueron particularmente bajos en Albania, Armenia, la República Islámica del Irán y Turquía. Aunque las tendencias recientes en la prevalencia difirieron en Inglaterra, Japón y Estados Unidos, la cobertura del tratamiento y el control de la hipertensión han mejorado con el tiempo, sobre todo en Inglaterra. Conclusión A nivel mundial, la proporción de hipertensos que recibe tratamiento y control con medicamentos sigue siendo baja. Deben realizarse mayores esfuerzos para mejorar el control de la hipertensión, lo que reduciría la carga de enfermedades no transmisibles.

Résumé Objectif Examiner la gestion de l'hypertension dans différents pays et au fil du temps en utilisant des méthodes cohérentes et comparables. Méthodes Une recherche systématique a identifié des enquêtes sur les examens de santé représentatifs à l'échelle nationale dans 20 pays, contenant des données de 1980 à 2011 sur les mesures de la tension, le diagnostic et le traitement de l'hypertension et son contrôle avec des médicaments antihypertenseurs. Pour chaque pays, on a esimé la prévalence de l'hypertension (tension artérielle systolique ≥ 140 mmHg ou utilisation d'antihypertenseurs) et la proportion de patients souffrant d'hypertension, dont la maladie a été diagnostiquée, traitée ou contrôlée par des médicaments (tension systolique < 140 mmHg). Résultats La prévalence de l'hypertension normalisée selon l'âge variait entre les pays: pour les individus âgés de 35 à 49 ans, elle variait de 12% au Bangladesh, en Égypte et en Thaïlande à environ 30% en Arménie, au Lesotho et en Ukraine; pour les individus âgés de 35 à 84 ans, elle variait de 20% au Bangladesh à plus de 40% en Allemagne, en Turquie et dans la Fédération de Russie. C'est aux États-Unis d'Amérique que le pourcentage normalisé selon l'âge des individus souffrant d'hypertension dont la maladie a été diagnostiquée, traitée ou contrôlée était le plus élevé: pour les individus âgés de 35 à 49 ans, il atteignait 84%, 77% et 56%, respectivement. Ces pourcentages ont été particulièrement faibles en Albanie, en Arménie, en Turquie et pour la République islamique d'Iran. Bien que les tendances récentes de la prévalence diffèrent en Angleterre, au Japon et aux États-Unis, la couverture du traitement et le contrôle de l'hypertension artérielle se sont améliorés au fil du temps, notamment en Angleterre. Conclusion Globalement, la proportion de patients souffrant d'hypertension dont la maladie a été diagnostiquée, traitée ou contrôlée par des médicaments reste faible. Des efforts supplémentaires sont nécessaires pour améliorer le contrôle de l'hypertension, ce qui réduirait la charge que représentent les maladies non transmissibles.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the fraction of individuals with high total serum cholesterol who get diagnosed and effectively treated in eight high- and middle-income countries. METHODS: Using data from nationally representative health examination surveys conducted in 1998-2007, we studied a probability sample of 79 039 adults aged 40-79 years from England, Germany, Japan, Jordan, Mexico, Scotland, Thailand and the United States of America. For each country we calculated the prevalence of high total serum cholesterol (total serum cholesterol > 6.2 mmol/l or > 240 mg/dl) and the mean total serum cholesterol level. We also determined the fractions of individuals being diagnosed, treated with cholesterol-lowering medication and effectively controlled (total serum cholesterol < 6.2 mmol/l or < 240 mg/dl). FINDINGS: The proportion of undiagnosed individuals was highest in Thailand (78%; 95% confidence interval, CI: 74-82) and lowest in the United States (16%; 95% CI: 13-19). The fraction diagnosed but untreated ranged from 9% in Thailand (95% CI: 8-11) to 53% in Japan (95% CI: 50-57). The proportion being treated who had attained evidence of control ranged from 4% in Germany (95% CI: 3-5) to 58% in Mexico (95% CI: 54-63). Time series estimates showed improved control of high total serum cholesterol over the past two decades in England and the United States. CONCLUSION: The percentage of people with high total serum cholesterol who are effectively treated remains small in selected high- and middle-income countries. Many of those affected are unaware of their condition. Untreated high blood cholesterol represents a missed opportunity in the face of a global epidemic of chronic diseases.

OBJETIVO: Determinar la fracción de individuos diagnosticados con una concentración sérica elevada de colesterol total y que hayan recibido un tratamiento eficaz en ocho países de ingresos medios y elevados. MÉTODOS: Con los datos de las encuestas de vigilancia sanitaria, representativas a nivel nacional y realizadas entre 1998 y 2007, se estudió una muestra basada en la probabilidad de 79 039 adultos con edades comprendidas entre los 40 y 79 años en Alemania, Escocia, Estados Unidos de América, Inglaterra, Japón, Jordania, México y Tailandia. Se calculó la prevalencia de la hipercolesterolemia (colesterol sérico total >6,2 mmol/l o >240 mg/dl) y el nivel medio de colesterol sérico total para cada país. También se determinaron las fracciones de individuos que fueron diagnosticados y tratados con hipocolesterolemiantes y controlados eficazmente (colesterol sérico total <6,2 mmol/l o <240 mg/dl). RESULTADOS: La proporción de individuos sin diagnosticar fue mayor en Tailandia (78%; intervalo de confianza del 95%, IC: 74-82) y menor en los Estados Unidos de América (16%; IC del 95%: 13-19). La fracción de personas diagnosticadas que no recibieron tratamiento varió entre el 9% de Tailandia (IC del 95%: 8-11) y el 53% de Japón (IC del 95%: 50-57). La proporción de pacientes en tratamiento, con resultados que evidenciaban haber conseguido controlar la enfermedad, osciló entre el 4% en Alemania (IC del 95%: 3-5) y el 58% en Japón (IC del 95%: 54-63). Las estimaciones de las series temporales mostraron una mejoría en el control de las concentraciones de colesterol sérico total en las últimas dos décadas en Inglaterra y los Estados Unidos. CONCLUSIÓN: El porcentaje de personas con concentraciones elevadas de colesterol sérico total que reciben un tratamiento eficaz sigue siendo pequeño en los países seleccionados de ingresos medios y elevados. Muchos de los afectados no son conscientes de su enfermedad. La hipercolesterolemia sin tratar supone una oportunidad perdida, a tenor de la epidemia mundial de las enfermedades crónicas.

OBJECTIF: Déterminer la proportion d'individus souffrant d'un taux de cholestérol sérique total élevé, qui font l'objet d'un diagnostic et qui reçoivent un traitement efficace dans huit pays à revenu moyen ou élevé. MÉTHODES: En nous appuyant sur des données provenant d'enquêtes sur les examens de santé, représentatives du niveau national et menées de 1998 à 2007, nous avons étudié un échantillon aléatoire de 79 039 adultes âgés de 40 à 79 ans originaires d'Angleterre, d'Allemagne, du Japon, de Jordanie, du Mexique, d'Écosse, de Thaïlande et des États-Unis d'Amérique. Pour chacun de ces pays, nous avons calculé la prévalence de cholestérol sérique total élevé (cholestérol sérique total > 6,2 mmol/l ou > 240 mg/dl) et le niveau moyen de cholestérol sérique total. Nous avons également déterminé la proportion des individus ayant fait l'objet d'un diagnostic et ayant reçu un traitement hypocholestérolémiant effectivement contrôlé (cholestérol sérique total < 6,2 mmol/l ou < 240 mg/dl). RÉSULTATS: La proportion des individus non diagnostiqués était la plus forte en Thaïlande (78%; 95% intervalle de confiance, IC: 74-82) et la plus faible aux États-Unis (16%; 95% IC: 13-19). Le pourcentage de personnes ayant fait l'objet d'un diagnostic, mais non d'une thérapie, était compris entre 9% en Thaïlande (95% IC: 8-11) et 53% au Japon (95% IC: 50-57). La proportion des individus sous traitement ayant obtenu une attestation de contrôle variait de 4% en Allemagne (95% IC: 3-5) à 58% au Mexique (95% IC: 54-63). Les estimations des séries chronologiques ont témoigné d'un meilleur contrôle de l'hypercholestérolémie en Angleterre et aux États-Unis lors des deux dernières décennies. CONCLUSION: Le pourcentage de personnes présentant un cholestérol sérique total élevé et qui sont effectivement traitées demeure faible dans les pays à revenu moyen ou élevé retenus. Bon nombre des personnes atteintes n'ont pas connaissance de leur état. Un taux de cholestérol plasmatique élevé non soigné représente une opportunité manquée face à une épidémie mondiale de maladies chroniques.